Chapter 100. Ranked Choice Voting
1VAC20-100-10. Definitions.
The following words and terms when used in this chapter shall have the following meanings unless the context clearly indicates otherwise:
"Active ballot" means a ballot that counts toward an active candidate in the current round of counting.
"Active candidate" means a candidate or person who has not been defeated during a round-by-round vote count. In a count that lasts multiple rounds, the number of active candidates will decrease with each round.
"Duplicate ranking" means a voter has assigned one candidate multiple rankings.
"Election threshold" means the number of votes sufficient for a candidate to be elected in a multi-winner, single transferable vote contest, except in the first-choice ranking tabulation round. The election threshold equals the total valid votes cast for active candidates in the first round of tabulation, pursuant to 1VAC20-100-50 C, divided by the sum of one plus the number of offices to be filled, then adding one, disregarding any fractions. Election threshold = ((Total valid votes cast for active candidates in the first round)/(Seats to be elected+1))+1, with any fraction disregarded.
"First-choice ranking tabulation round" means the stage of tabulation of first-choice rankings completed at each precinct on the voting system, pursuant to 1VAC20-100-50 A.
"Highest-ranked active candidate" means the active candidate assigned to a higher ranking than any other active candidates.
"Inactive ballot" means a ballot that can no longer be counted due to the ballot having no rankings remaining for active candidates.
"Instant runoff voting" means no more than one seat in the office must be filled by the election.
"Maximum possible threshold" means the number of first-choice rankings from active ballots received in the first-choice ranking tabulation round sufficient for a candidate to be elected. The maximum possible threshold equals the total ballots cast for the office, including valid first-choice rankings, undervotes, skipped rankings, or overvotes for the office, divided by the sum of one plus the number of offices to be filled, then adding one, disregarding any fractions. Maximum possible threshold = ((Total ballots cast for the office)/(Seats to be elected+1))+1, with any fraction disregarded.
"Ranked choice overvote" means a voter assigned more than one candidate the same ranking.
"Ranked choice undervote" means a voter has left a ranking unassigned.
"Ranked choice voting" means a method of casting and tabulating votes in which (i) voters rank candidates in order of preference; (ii) tabulation of first-choice rankings and votes cast at other rankings is conducted; (iii) if the number of candidates elected after first-choice ranking tabulation is less than the number of offices to be filled, tabulation proceeds in rounds such that in each round either a candidate is elected or the last-place candidate is defeated; (iv) votes for voters' next-ranked candidates are transferred from elected or defeated candidates; and (v) tabulation ends when the number of candidates elected equals the number of offices to be filled. Ranked choice voting is known as "instant runoff voting" when electing a single office and "single transferable vote" when electing multiple offices.
"Ranking" means the ordinal number assigned on a ballot to a candidate to express the voter's preference for that candidate. Ranking number one is the highest ranking, ranking number two is the next-highest ranking, and so on, consecutively, up to the number of candidates indicated on the ballot.
"Round" means a stage of the vote tabulation, pursuant to 1VAC20-100-50 B or C, in which a person may be elected or the last ranked person defeated.
"Single transferable vote" means more than one seat in the office must be filled by the election.
"Skipped ranking" means an undervote on a ballot where a voter validly ranks a candidate at a subsequent ranking treated as provided in subdivision 2 of 1VAC20-100-40.
"Surplus fraction" is a number equal to the quotient of the difference between an elected candidate's vote total and the election threshold, divided by the candidate's vote total, (or (V-T)/V, in which "V" is the elected candidate's vote total and "T" is the election threshold), truncated after four decimal places.
"Surplus vote" means the number of votes a candidate receives beyond the election threshold set for a single transferable vote race.
"Tabulation" means the counting and, where necessary, transferring of votes cast in a ranked choice voting election that occurs in two stages:
1. Determination by voting system in the first-choice ranking tabulation round of first-choice ranking votes cast for each candidate and the creation of a record of votes cast at all ranking choices for each ballot cast.
2. Determination in a round, using the record of votes cast created by the voting system in the first-choice ranking tabulation round, of the votes to be transferred from eliminated candidates to active candidates, of the vote totals for active candidates after vote transfers, and of whether a candidate has received the number of votes sufficient to be elected.
"Transfer value" means the proportion of a vote that a ballot will contribute to its highest-ranked active candidate. Each ballot begins with a transfer value of one. If a ballot contributes to the election of a candidate under 1VAC20-100-50 C, it receives a new transfer value.
Statutory Authority
§ 24.2-673.1 of the Code of Virginia.
Historical Notes
Derived from Virginia Register Volume 38, Issue 9, eff. December 3, 2021; amended Virginia Register Volume 39, Issue 23, eff. June 20, 2023.
1VAC20-100-20. Administration.
The Department of Elections shall publish on the department website, https://www.elections.virginia.gov, instructions on the administration of ranked choice voting elections.
Statutory Authority
§ 24.2-673.1 of the Code of Virginia.
Historical Notes
Derived from Virginia Register Volume 38, Issue 9, eff. December 3, 2021.
1VAC20-100-30. Ranked choice voting.
As prescribed by § 24.2-673.1 of the Code of Virginia, a county board of supervisors or city council may elect by majority to conduct an election for its members by ranked choice voting. The adoption for ranked choice voting shall only be valid for the election specified in the ordinance adopted by the governing body.
1. Adoption to conduct an election by ranked choice voting must be enacted no later than 90 days prior to the date of the specified election.
2. Any locality that adopts to conduct an election by ranked choice voting must electronically transfer the signed ordinance to the Department of Elections promptly.
3. No ranked choice voting may be conducted for a primary with fewer than three candidates.
4. Notwithstanding § 24.2-613 E of the Code of Virginia, all ballot forms for an election conducted by ranked choice voting shall comply with the standards prescribed by the State Board of Elections.
Statutory Authority
§ 24.2-673.1 of the Code of Virginia.
Historical Notes
Derived from Virginia Register Volume 38, Issue 9, eff. December 3, 2021.
1VAC20-100-40. Ballot treatment.
As prescribed by § 24.2-673.1 of the Code of Virginia, ballots shall be tabulated in the following manner:
1. Ranked choice overvote.
a. In the case of a ranked choice overvote for a ranking on a ballot, the ranking shall not be counted in any round, and the next valid ranking shall be counted in all rounds except the first-choice ranking tabulation.
b. In the case of a duplicate ranking for an active candidate, only the voter's highest ranking for the candidate shall be counted. Valid rankings after a duplicate ranking shall be counted.
2. Skipped ranking.
a. In the event of a ballot with a skipped ranking, the next valid ranking shall be counted, except in the first-choice ranking tabulation round.
b. In the event the ballot reaches two consecutive skipped rankings, the ballot will be considered an inactive ballot.
3. Tie breaking.
a. In the event two persons have an equal number of votes for a seat and a higher number than any other person in the last round of an election conducted by ranked choice voting, the candidate or person to be elected shall be determined by lot as prescribed by § 24.2-674 of the Code of Virginia.
b. In the event two or more persons have an equal number of votes for a seat and the fewest number of votes in a round of an election conducted by ranked choice voting, tabulation cannot be continued until one of the persons is defeated. The person to continue as an active candidate shall be determined by lot as prescribed by § 24.2-674 of the Code of Virginia.
Statutory Authority
§ 24.2-673.1 of the Code of Virginia.
Historical Notes
Derived from Virginia Register Volume 38, Issue 9, eff. December 3, 2021; amended Virginia Register Volume 39, Issue 23, eff. June 20, 2023.
1VAC20-100-50. Ranked choice voting tabulation.
A. First-choice ranking tabulation round. For all elections for an office conducted by ranked choice voting, only first-choice rankings shall be counted in the first-choice ranking tabulation round. If any candidate has a vote total greater than or equal to the maximum possible threshold, that person shall be designated as elected. If the number of candidates whose vote total is equal to or greater than the maximum possible threshold is equal to the number of seats to be filled, those candidates are declared elected and tabulation in additional rounds shall not be conducted. If the number of candidates whose vote total is equal to or greater than the maximum possible threshold is less than the number of seats to be filled, tabulation shall proceed as set forth in subsections B and C of this section.
B. Instant runoff voting round. For any election for one office conducted by ranked choice voting, each active ballot shall count as one vote in each round for the highest-ranked active candidate on that ballot. Tabulation shall proceed in rounds with each round proceeding sequentially as follows:
1. If any active candidate has a majority of votes from active ballots in a round of tabulation, that person shall be designated as elected and the tabulation is complete.
2. If two or fewer active candidates remain, the candidate with the greatest number of votes is elected and tabulation is complete.
3. If more than two active candidates remain and no candidate has a majority of votes on active ballots in a round of tabulation, the active candidate with the fewest votes is defeated, votes for the defeated candidate are transferred to each ballot's highest-ranked active candidate, and a new round begins with subdivision 1 of this subsection.
C. Single transferable vote round. For any election for more than one office conducted by ranked choice voting, each active ballot shall count, at its current transfer value, for the highest-ranked active candidate on that ballot. Tabulation shall proceed in rounds. Each round proceeds sequentially, until tabulation is complete, as follows:
1. If the sum of the number of elected persons and the number of active candidates is less than or equal to the number of office seats to be filled, then all active candidates are designated as elected, and tabulation is complete. Otherwise, the tabulation proceeds pursuant to subdivision 2 of this subsection.
2. If any active candidate has a number of votes greater than or equal to the election threshold for the contest, that person shall be designated as elected. Each ballot counting for an elected person is assigned a new transfer value by multiplying the ballot's current transfer value by the surplus fraction for the elected person, truncated after the fourth decimal place. The transfer value of each ballot cast for an elected candidate must be transferred to the highest-ranked active candidate on that ballot. Each person elected under this subdivision is deemed to have a number of votes equal to the election threshold for the contest in all future rounds and a new round begins pursuant to subdivision 1 of this subsection.
3. If no candidate or person is elected pursuant to subdivision 2 of this subsection, the candidate with the fewest votes is defeated and votes for the defeated candidates shall be transferred at their current transfer value to each ballot's next-ranked active candidate and a new round begins pursuant to subdivision 1 of this subsection.
D. Surplus transfer. If in a round of counting conducted under subsection C of this section, two or more active candidates have a number of surplus votes greater than the election threshold for the contest, the surpluses shall be distributed in rounds in which the largest surplus is distributed first, with any ties resolved by lot as required by § 24.2-674 of the Code of Virginia.
E. Tools, including software, used for tabulation in subsections B and C must be approved for use by the Department of Elections.
Statutory Authority
§ 24.2-673.1 of the Code of Virginia.
Historical Notes
Derived from Virginia Register Volume 38, Issue 9, eff. December 3, 2021; amended Virginia Register Volume 39, Issue 23, eff. June 20, 2023.
1VAC20-100-60. Unreadable ballots.
In the event the general registrar receives a ballot that cannot be read by the ballot scanner machine, the general registrar or election official shall transpose the voter's intent to a machine readable ballot.
Statutory Authority
§ 24.2-673.1 of the Code of Virginia.
Historical Notes
Derived from Virginia Register Volume 38, Issue 9, eff. December 3, 2021.
1VAC20-100-65. Write-Ins.
Pursuant to § 24.2-644 C of the Code of Virginia, at all elections conducted by ranked choice voting except primary elections, any voter may vote for any person other than the listed candidates for the office by writing or hand printing the person's name on the official ballot.
Statutory Authority
§ 24.2-673.1 of the Code of Virginia.
Historical Notes
Derived from Virginia Register Volume 38, Issue 9, eff. December 3, 2021.
1VAC20-100-70. Election results.
A. The following information must be publicly posted on the Department of Elections website at https://www.elections.virginia.gov:
1. First-choice ranking tabulation round vote results, reported by precinct; and
2. Results for each round completed pursuant to 1VAC20-100-50 B and C, including final results.
B. A record of votes cast at all rankings, as tabulated in the first-choice ranking tabulation round, shall be created and retained for public inspection and copying.
C. The Department of Elections shall develop guidance for compliance with this section consistent with other requirements in the Code of Virginia.
Statutory Authority
§ 24.2-673.1 of the Code of Virginia.
Historical Notes
Derived from Virginia Register Volume 38, Issue 9, eff. December 3, 2021; amended Virginia Register Volume 39, Issue 23, eff. June 20, 2023.
1VAC20-100-80. Outreach.
For the purposes of this section, "educational information" means nonpartisan information that in plain language informs the public on the adoption of ranked choice voting for an election, a description of ranked choice voting, an unmarked official sample ranked choice voting ballot, and instructions on how to read and mark the ballot.
1. The Department of Elections shall be required to post educational information about ranked choice voting on its website at https://www.elections.virginia.gov for the public.
2. Any county board of supervisors or city council that adopts to conduct an election by ranked choice voting shall develop and distribute educational information about ranked choice voting no later than 60 days before the specified election.
a. Educational information must be disseminated to the public through circulation in the local newspaper, posted on the locality's website, or mailed to active and inactive voters eligible to vote in the specified election.
b. Educational information must be posted in the office of the general registrar no later than 60 days before the specific election and made available for distribution if requested by the public.
c. Educational information about ranked choice voting shall be posted in each satellite office and polling place operating for the election.
Statutory Authority
§ 24.2-673.1 of the Code of Virginia.
Historical Notes
Derived from Virginia Register Volume 38, Issue 9, eff. December 3, 2021.